TECHNICAL STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTER MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY BRANCH MECHATRONICS GRADUATE PROGRAM MACHINE ELEMENT, COURSE FALL

2008-09

PRESENTATION ON JOURNAL BEARINGS

:FOUZI K. SHTAWI : SEFEDDIN A. ALFURJANI Supervised by: Dr. HUSSAM EDDIN ASHIKH Prepared by

What is the bearings?

Bearing is a member designed to support a load while permitting relative motion between two elements of a machine.

The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better than they
slide. The wheels on your car are like big bearings. If you had something like skis instead of wheels, your car would be a lot more difficult to push down the road. That is because when things slide, the friction between them causes a force that tends to slow them down. But if the two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is greatly reduced. 12/2008
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Photo courtesy The Timken Company Roller thrust bearing

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The bearings were classified to many ways depending on the type

of the load and the type of contact as the followings: 1) Depending upon the direction of the load to be supported.

The bearings are classified to:

a) Radial Bearings, in the radial bearings the load acts perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the moving

element.
b) Thrust Bearings in this type the load acts along the of the rotation axis.
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Depending of the nature of contact , and the bearing here were classified as: a) Sliding contact bearing, the sliding takes place along the surfaces of the contact between the moving element and the fixed element, and known as Journal Bearing ( our case study) . b) Rolling contact bearings, the steel balls or the rollers are interposed between the moving and fixed elements.
2)

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After the brief of the introduction of the bearing, we would like to talk about journal bearing, What is the journal bearing ? A journal bearing is a simple bearing in which a shaft, or "journal", rotates in the bearing with a layer of oil or grease separating the two parts through fluid dynamic effects. The shaft and bearing are generally both simple polished cylinders with lubricant filling the gap. Rather than the lubricant just "reducing friction" between the surfaces, letting one surface slide more easily against the other, the lubricant is thick enough that once rotating, the surfaces do not come in contact at all. If oil is used, it is generally fed into a hole in the bearing under high pressure. In the other hand, The Journal is the part of a shaft that rotates inside the bearing.
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Types of the sliding (journal) bearings:

The journal bearing classified into three types according to the angle of the contact between the moving element (the journal) and the fixed element (bearing) as the follows: a) Full journal bearings: when the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 360. b) Partial journal bearings: when the angle of the contact of the bearing with the journal is 120 but the diameter of the journal not equal of the bearing diameter.
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c) Fitted journal bearings: when the angle of the contact of the bearing with the journal is 120 but the diameter of the journal is equal to the bearing diameter.

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In addition the journal bearings may be classified also according to the thickness layer of the lubricant as:
1) Thick film bearings. The two surface are completely separated by the lubricant and the called hydrodynamic lubricated bearings. 2) Thin film bearings. The two surface are partially contact each other at least part time and this called boundary lubricated bearings 3) Zero film bearings. No lubricant between the surfaces.

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 Properties of Sliding Contact Bearings:

The material of the bearings should have sufficient strength and rigidity , however, the conditions under which bearing must be operate in service are generally far from ideal and thus the other properties must be considered in selecting the best materials as below:

1. Compressive strength : the bearing material should have compressive strength to withstand the maximum pressure so as to prevent extrusion or other permanent deformation of bearing. 2. Fatigue strength: the bearing material should have sufficient fatigue strength to withstand repeated loads without development surface fatigue cracks .

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3. Conformability : it is the ability of the bearing material to

accommodate shaft deflections and bearing inaccuracies by plastic deformation without excessive wear or heating.

4. Embeddability: it is the ability of the bearing material to

accommodate the small particles of dust, grit etc, without scoring the material of the journal.

5. Bondability: many high capacity bearing are made by bonding one or

more thin layer of bearing material to high strength steel shell.

6. Corrosion resistance: the bearing should not corrode away under

the action of the lubricating oil.

7. Thermal conductivity: the bearing material should be of high

thermal conductivity to permit the rapid removal of the heat generated by friction.
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8. Thermal expansion:

the bearing material should be of low coefficient of thermal expansion, so that to prevent undue change in the clearances.

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Composition S.N 1 2 Material copper Tin base babbit lead base babbit 4.5% 0.5% lead 0.5% 84% antimony 5% 9.5% Tin 90% 6% Common use for the bearing zinc phosphor Applications

Bronze Gun metal

88%

10%

2%

For high grade bearing For high pressure and high speed bearing

Phosphor bronze

80%

9%

10%

1%

For high pressure and high speed bearing For low pressure and low speed bearing For aircraft engines For low pressure and low speed bearing

5
6 7

Cast iron
Silver Non metallic

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 Lubricants
What is the lubricant? As , we know that adding a lubricant to a solid-solid contact will significantly reduce friction. The reduced friction leads to less wear, heat generation and energy loss all of which reduce operation costs and downtime. (the lubricant is the thick or thin of the film of oil or grease etc, this lubricant works as supporting the journal during the rotation , The lubricants are used in bearings
to reduce friction between the rubbing surfaces and to carry away the heat generated by friction. It also protects the bearing against corrosion. All lubricants are classified into the following three groups: 1. Liquid 2. Semi liquid and 3. Solid
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 The liquid lubricants usually used in the bearings are mineral oils and synthetic oils. the mineral oils are most commonly used because of their cheapness and stability, the liquid lubricants are usually preferred where they may be retained. A grease is a semi-liquid lubricant having higher viscosity than oils. The greases are employed where slow speed and heavy pressure exist and where oil drip from the bearing is undesirable.

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The solid lubricants are useful in reducing friction where oil films cannot be maintained because of pressures or temperatures. They should be softer than materials being lubricated. A graphite is the most common of the solid lubricants either alone or mixed with oil or grease.

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There are some important factor should be taken in to consideration for the lubricant properties as:

1. Viscosity . It is the measure of the degree of the fluidity of a liquid of

which an oil is able to form, retain and offer resistance to shearing a buffer film under heat and pressure. The greater the heat and pressure, the greater viscosity is required of a lubricant to prevent thinning and squeezing out of the film. Oiliness. It is a joint property of the lubricant and the bearing surfaces in contact. It is a measure of lubricating qualities under boundary conditions. There is no absolute measure of oiliness.

2.

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3. Density. This property has no relation to lubricating value, but useful in changing the absolute viscosity to kinematic viscosity. The density of most of the oils at 15.5C varies from 860 to 950 kg/m. also the density can be calculated in any value o temperature ( By formula). 4. Viscosity index. The term of viscosity index is used to denote the degree of variation of viscosity with temperature.

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Terms used in Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing.

The following terms used in hydrodynamic journal bearing are important from the subject of point of view: 1. Diametral clearance it is the difference between the diameters of the bearing and the journal ( c= D- d). 2. Radial clearance : it is the difference between radii of the bearing and the journal ( c/2). 3. Diametral clearance ratio: it is the ration of the diametral clearance and the journal diameter (c/d). 4. Eccentricity. It is the radial distance between the center of the bearing and the displaced center of the bearing under load.
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5. Minimum oil film thickness. It is the min distance between the bearing and the journal under complete lubrication condition ( c/4).

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Bearing Characteristic Number and Bearing Modulus for journal bearing: Where is the BCN= ZN/p BM= min bearing modulus (K). Z= viscosity of the lubricant. N= speed of journal in r.p.m. p = pressure on the projected area of the bearing. The coefficient of friction in design of bearings is great importance, because it affords a means for determining the loss of power due to bearing friction.

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Coefficient of friction for Journal Bearings In order to determine the coefficient of friction for well lubricated full journal bearing the following formula can be used: Coefficient of friction , = 33/10Ex 8 {ZN/p}{d/c} + k
Where is = Coefficient of friction Z = Absolute viscosity of the lubricant (in kg). N = speed of the journal (r.p.m). P = Bearing pressure on the projected bearing area(N/mm). d = diameter o the journal c = diametral clearance. k = factor of correct for end leakage.
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 Critical pressure of the journal bearing. The pressure at which the oil film breaks down so that metal to metal contact being is known as critical pressure or the mi operating pressure of the bearing it can be obtained by the following formula: p = ZN/4.75x10Ex 6 {d/c}{1/(d+l)} N/mm
Heat Generated in Journal Bearing The heat generated in a bearing is due to the fluid friction and friction of the part having relative motion. and can be obtained by: Qg = .W.V N-m/s or J/s or watts
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Advantages Journal bearings or Plain surface bearings Run quietly Have a longer life span Are less sensitive to contamination Are less costly Can better sustain shock loads Requires less precise mounting Are available in split halves

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Summary. Journal bearing is a sliding contact bearing. Friction is always present even with lubrication. Bearings fail because of fatigue. Load capacity of a bearing can be calculated. Lubrication in bearings serve a number of functions such as dissipating heat, prevent corrosion and forming a film between moving element and the raceway. Thrust bearing absorb axial loads. Self aligned bearing reduce shaft bearing wear.

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References :
1. A text book of Machine design by R.S. KHURMI and J.K. GUPTA. 2. http://www.pg.gda.pl/~mwasilcz/files/test_rig.pdf 3. http://science.howstuffworks.com/bearing3.htm

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THE END THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. QUESTIONS???

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