BackFlashover

If lightning strikes the top tower or the shield wire, voltage are built up across the tower top. If these voltages equal or exceed the line standard atmospheric conditions (CFO), flashover occurs from the tower to the phase conductor. When backflashover occurs, a part of the surge current will flow to the phase conductor through the arc across the insulation string.

 If the voltage across the insulator exceeds the insulator withstand capability, the backflashover occurs. Once the backflashover occurs, the voltage across insulator goes down to zero. The back flashover mechanism of the insulators can be represented by volt versus time curves.

This result is obtained from the 115 kV transmission lines that have been modeled using PSCAD/EMTDC by P. Yadee and S. Premrudeepreechacharn, (2007).

Backflashover Rate (BFR)

There are two main methods used to estimate BFR: CIGRE methods. IEEE methods. Comparisons between the CIGRE and IEEE methods

 The backflashover rate can be calculated by equation below

BFR=0.6NLP()
Where, = in unit of flashes per 100km-year = critical current P()= probability of lightning current exceed critical current

Surge Arrester
Used to protect the transmission line and connected equipments against switching and lightning overvoltages. It also offered low resistance to high voltage surge and high resistance to normal service voltage. Table below shows the basic requirement of transmission line surge arrester .

Metal Oxide Surge Arrester

widely used as a protective device against switching and lightning overvoltages in power electrical systems. For this project, all the chosen journal used IEEE frequency dependent model.