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Ganesh
http://gigadom.wordpress.com
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Agenda
Network Architecture, Network Elements Typical 2G Architecture PLMN, CS, PS, AN,CN MSC, HLR, VLR GMSC, AuC, EIR 2.5 G Architecture SGSN, GGSN Recap SMS Architecture SMS Network Elements 3G Network Architecture Frequency reuse Handoff Bluetooth stack WiFI Recap Quiz 3
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Evolution of Technology
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Typical 2G Architecture
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GSM 2G Architecture
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Wireless definitions
PLMN A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is established and operated by an administration or Recognized Private Operating Agency (RPOA) The PLMN infrastructure is logically divided into 1. Core Network (CN) 2. Access Network (AN) Access Network (AN) 1. BSS in 2G systems (BTS, BSC) 2. RNS in 3G systems (NodeB, RNC) The Core Network (CN) is divided into 1. Circuit Switched domain 2. Packet Switched domain
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PLMN
Circuit Switched (CS) domain Access Network BTS, BSC Core Network - MSC, VLR, HLR, GMSC, SMSC Packet Switched (PS) domain Access Network BTS, BSC Core network - SGSN, GGSN
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GSM Architecture
Access Network 1. BTS 2. BSC Core Network 1. MSC 2. HLR 3. VLR 4. AuC 5. EIR 6. SMSC 7. GMSC
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HLR stores the following information the subscription information some location information enabling the charging and routing of calls towards the MSC where the MS is registered (e.g. the MS Roaming Number, the VLR Number, the MSC Number, the Local MS Identity) the International Mobile Station Identity (IMSI); one or more Mobile Station International ISDN number(s) (MSISDN); The data base contains other information such as teleservices and bearer services subscription information service restrictions (e.g. roaming limitation) a list of all the group IDs a service subscriber is entitled to use to establish voice group or broadcast calls supplementary services; the HLR contains the parameters attached to these services;
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International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI); Mobile Station International ISDN number (MSISDN); Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), Temporary Mobile Station Identity (TMSI), if applicable;
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SMS Architecture
SC <
1. >
MSC/SGSN 3. >
5. < >
MS
2.
4.*
<
HLR
VLR
SC Service Centre SMS-IWMSC SMS Interworking MSC SMS-GMSC Gateway MSC for SMS
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Gateway MSC For Short Message Service (SMS-GMSC): function of an MSC capable of receiving a short message from an SC, interrogating an HLR for routing information and SMS info, and delivering the short message to the VMSC or the SGSN of the recipient MS Interworking MSC For Short Message Service (SMS-IWMSC): function of an MSC capable of receiving a short message from within the PLMN and submitting it to the recipient SC
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SMS Services
Short Message Mobile Terminated
SM MT denotes the capability of the GSM/UMTS system to transfer a short message submitted from the SC to one MS, and to provide information about the delivery of the short message either by a delivery report or a failure report
Short Message Mobile Originated
SM MO denotes the capability of the GSM/UMTS system to transfer a short message submitted by the MS to one SME via an SC, and to provide information about the delivery of the short message either by a delivery report or a failure
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3G Rel 99 Architecture
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3G Architecture
Access Network Universal Terrestial Radio Access Network Radio Network Systems (RNS) or UTRAN 1. Node B 2. Radio Network Controller RNC Core Network 1. MSC Server (UMTS) 2. HLR 3. VLR 4. GMSC 5. SMSC
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CDMA2000
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Wireless Technologies
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Access Network
The network is divided into a number of cells or geographic coverage areas Within each cell is a base station which contains the radio transmission and reception equipments The coverage area of the base station depends in factors like transmit power of station, the height of the base station the topology of the area. Specific radio frequencies are allocated within each cell The frequencies are reused in other cells that are sufficiently far away to avoid interference
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Frequency re-use
Assume 832 channels available Divide into 4 sets = 832/4 = 208 channels per cell For N cells in the system total capacity = 208N (instead of 832)
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Frequency reuse
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Cell boundaries
Want to cover area without gaps or overlaps: squares, triangles, hexagons Want to have signal strength as large as possible for all points within the cell hexagon is closest to a circle This is an idealized representation, in the real world, cell boundaries are ill-defined.
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth is the name given to a new technology using short-range radio links, intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. It is envisaged that it will allow for the replacement of the many propriety cables that connect one device to another with one universal radio link. Its key features are robustness, low complexity, low power and low cost. Designed to operate in noisy frequency environments, the Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency hopping scheme to make the link robust. Bluetooth radio modules operate in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4GHz, and avoid interference from other signals by hopping to a new frequency after transmitting or receiving a packet. Compared with other systems in the same frequency band, the Bluetooth radio hops faster and uses shorter packets.
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Bluetooth stack
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Bluetooth stack
The Radio layer defines the requirements for a Bluetooth transceiver operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The Baseband layer describes the specification of the Bluetooth Link Controller (LC) which carries out the baseband protocols and other low-level link routines. The Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is used by the Link Managers (on either side) for link set-up and control. The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides a command interface to the Baseband Link Controller and Link Manager, and access to hardware status and control registers. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) supports higher level protocol multiplexing, packet segmentation and reassembly, and the conveying of quality of service information. The RFCOMM protocol provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP protocol. The protocol is based on the ETSI standard TS 07.10. The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) provides a means for applications to discover which services are provided by or available through a Bluetooth device. It also allows applications to determine the characteristics of those available services.
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Bluetooth Features
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Why WiFi ?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Setup Cost Reduced cabling required Flexibility Quick and easy to setup in temporary or permanent space Scalable Can be expanded with growth Freedom You can work from any location that you can get a signal Lower total cost of ownership Because of affordability and low install cost Mobile Users Can access the Corporate network from any public hotspot using VPN
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802.11b
Been around the longest, well-supported, stable, and cost effective, but runs in the 2.4 GHz range that makes it prone to interference from other devices (microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc) and also has security disadvantages Has 11 channels, with 3 non-overlapping, and supports rates from 1 to 11 Mbps, but realistically about 4-5 Mbps Uses direct-sequence spread-spectrum technology
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802.11g
Extension of 802.11b, with the same disadvantages (security and interference) Has a shorter range than 802.11b Is backwards compatible with 802.11b so it allows or a smooth transition from 11b to 11g Flexible because multiple channels can be combined for faster throughput, but limited to one access point Runs at 54 Mbps, but realistically about 20-25 Mbps and about 14 Mbps when b associated Uses frequency division multiplexing technology
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802.11a
Completely different from 11b and 11g. 1. Flexible because multiple channels can be combined for faster throughput and more access points can be collocated 2. Shorter range than 11b and 11g 3. Runs in the 5 GHz range, so less interference from other devices 4. Has 12 channels, 8 non-overlapping, and supports rates from 6 to 54 Mbps, but realistically about 27 Mbps max 5. Uses frequency division multiplexing technology
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Security in WiFi
Data Security/Encryption Third Party solution - Fortress Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)-Shared key Access WPA/WEP MAC Authentication MAC address control Attack Denial of Service Client Protection Antivirus/Firewall
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Questions ?
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Quiz 3
1. The Core Network (CN) consists of CS domain and PS domain a. True b. False 2. The Access Network in 2G does not include a. BSC b. BTS c. MSC d. RNC 3. The 2G CS domain does not include a. MSC b. HLR c. AuC d. SGSN 4.Which is not true of the HLR a. It is a Database b. It stores IMSI, features and services c. It is involved routing of calls from PSTN d. Does switching and routing 5. Which is not true of EIR a. Stores IMEI b. Used to determine if equipment is stolen c. Is a database d. Does radio resource management 6. A GMSC a. Will query HLR for call from PSTN b. Does switching and routing c. Connected to PSTN d. All of the above 7. Which is true SGSN a. Does packet routing & transfer b. Does mobility management c. Does charging d. all of the above
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Quiz 3
8. Which is not true of the speeds a. GSM 64 Kbps b. GPRS 115 kbps c. EDGE - 384 Kbps d. 3 G 2 Mbps 9. A SC in a SMS network is used for storing and forwarding SMS messages a. True b. False 10. The Access Network of a 3G Architecture consists of a. MSC, HLR, VLR b. RNC, Node B c. SGSN, GGSN d. AUC, EIR 11. Assume spectrum is 30 Mhz and channel bandwidth is 30 Khz then number of users is a. 833 b. 1000 c. 500 d. Cannot say 12. Which is not true of Bluetooth a. Uses 2.4 GHz b. Uses TDMA with TDD c. Range 1 Km d. Gross Data rate of 1 km. 13. L2CAP is not used for a. QoS b. Segmentation c.Reassembly d. Link serup and tear down 14. Security in WiFi networks uses a. WPA b. WEP c. MAC Authentication d. All of the above 15. MSCs use packet switching technology a. True b. False
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Agenda Session 4
Call flows and Advanced wireless concepts GSM Air interface GSM air interface channels Location Updating Sequence Flows Mobile origination to PSTN PSTN origination to Mobile GPRS call flow SMS call Flow Recap Inter BSC Handoff scenario UMTS Softswitch IMS Architecture 3.5 G Mobile data explosion The evolution of LTE Recap Quiz 4
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BTS
BSC
MSC
BTS
HLR
BTS
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f1 - downlink
FDD
f2 - uplink
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TDD
Time Division Duplex (TDD) One radio channel for communicating to base station. Duplexing is done on time
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GSM Architecture
The interface between the BTS and BSC is known as the A-bis interface MSC One or more BSCs are connected to MSC. The MSC is a switch the node that controls call setup, call routing and many of the functions provided by the standard telecommunication switch VLR is a database that contains subscriber related information for the duration that a subscriber is in the coverage area of an MSC. The MSC and VLR are in the same platform, The interface between the BSC and MSC is known as A-interface This is a SS7 based interface using the SCCP. Above this is the BSS Application Part (BSSAP) which is the protocol for communicating between the BSC and the MSC. Since the MSC communicated with the BSC and the MS the BSSAP is divided into two parts the BSSMAP (BSS Management Application Part) and the Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP) BSSMAP are messages to BSS DTAP messages are passed transparently thro the BSS to the NS`
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GSM Architecture
HLR The Home Location register contains subscriber data such has the details the subscriber has subscribed to . Associated with the HLR ios the authentication center (AuC). This is the network element that contains the subscriber specific authentication data such as the secret key For a given subscriber using a random number generated by the AuC and passed to the SIM via the HLR., MSC and ME. The SIM performs the calculation using the Ki and the authentication algorithm. If the result os the calculation by the SIM matches that in AuC then the subscriner has been authenticated
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GMSC
When a call from a PSTN it arrives at a type of MSC known as the GMSC. The GMSC queries the HLR to determine the location of the subscriber The response from the HLR indicates to the GMSC when the subscriber may be found The call is forwarded by the GMSC to the MSC serving the subscriber
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BCCH/CCCH/ SDCCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
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Location Area
Location Area (LA) A GSM network is divided into cells. A group of cells is considered a location area. A mobile phone in motion keeps the network informed about changes in the location area. If the mobile moves from a cell in one location area to a cell in another location area, the mobile phone should perform a location area update to inform the network about the exact location of the mobile phone. Home Location Register (HLR) The HLR maintains a database for the mobile subscribers. At any point of time, the HLR knows the address of the MSC VLR that control the current location area of the mobile. The HLR is informed about a location area update only if the location area change has resulted in a change of the MSC VLR. Mobile Switching Center - Visitor Location Register (MSC VLR) The MSC VLR is responsible to switching voice calls and it also keeps track of the exact location area where the mobile user is present. Note that a typical MSC VLR will service several location areas.
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Location Update
1. 2. 3. 4. When the MS is switched on it must camp on a suitable cell. This involves scanning the air interface to select a cell with a suitably strong signal and decoding the informationbroadcast by the BTS on the BCCH The MS makes a channel request on the RACH with a cause as Location Updating The BSS allocates an SDCCH for the MS to use. It instructs the MS to move to the SDCCH by sending an immediate assignment message on the AGCH The MS then moves the SDCCH and send the location updating message. This contains the location area identity and the mobile identity. The mobile identity is either the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) or the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). This is sent through the BSS to the NSC On receipt of the IMSI the NSC.VLR attempt to authenticate the subscriber. If the MSC does not have authentication information then it request the HLR using the MAP operation Send Authetication Info. The HLR AuC sends the MAP Return Result with up to five authentication vectors
5. 6. 7. 8.
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Location Update
Known as triplets. Each triplet contains a random number (RAND) and a signed response (SRES) 9. The MSC sends an Authentication request to the MS. This contains the RAND. 10. The MS performs the same calculations as were performed by the HLR/AuC and send the Authentication response containing the SRES parameter. 11. The MSC/VLR check rto make sure that the SRES from the MS matches the SRES from HLR/AuC 12. If a match is made then the MS is authenticated 13. At this point the MSC/VLR use te MAP Operation Update Location to inform the HLR of the subscriber location. 14. The HLR immediately sends a Cancel Location message to the VLR to remove anty previous location 15. VLR deletes any previous data 16. HLR uses a MAP operation to Insert Subscriber data to VLR 17. VLR acknowledges receipt of information 18. HLR sends a return result of the MAP Update Location
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Location Update
19. On receipt of the return result the MSC sends a DTAP message Location Updating Accept to the MS
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MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC
MSC/VLR
Authentication Response
Cancel Location RR
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HLR/AuC
MSC/VLR
Clear Command
Clear Complete
Channel release
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MSC/VLR
PSTN
Authentication Response
Setup
Call Proceeding
Assignment Request
Assignment Command
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IAM
ACM
Alerting
ANM
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PSTN
IAM (MSRN)
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HLR
GMSC
PSTN
Setup
Call confirmed
Assignment request
Assignment command
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SMS-MO
1. The mobile station transfers the short message to the MSC.
2. The MSC queries the VLR to verify that the message transfer does not violate the supplementary services invoked or the restrictions imposed on the subscriber.
3. The MSC sends the short message to the SMSC using the forwardShortMessage operation.
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SMS-MO
SMS-IWMSC
SGSN MSC MS
SC x
VLR
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SMS-MO
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SMS-MT
1.The Short message is transferred from SC to SMS-GMSC 2.SMS-GMSC queries the HLR(SRI) and receives the routing information for the mobile subscriber (SRI-ACK). 3. The SMS-GMSC sends the short message to the MSC using the forwardShortMessage operation(FSM). 4. The MSC retrieves the subscriber information from the VLR. This operation may include an authentication procedure. 5. The MSC transfers the short message to the mobile station.` 6. The MSC returns the outcome of the forwardShortMessage operation to the SMSGMSC(FSM-ACK). 7. If requested by the SMC, the SMSC returns a status report indicating delivery of the short message.
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SMS-MT
SGSN
SC x
SMSC-GMSC
MSC
MS
HLR
VLR
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SMS-MT
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Handover
A handover (aka handoff) is the process by which a call in progress is transferred from one radio channel in the same cell or different cell. A handover can occur Within a cell Between cells of the same BTS Between cells of diffferent BTS of same BSC Between cells of different BSC Between cells of different MSCs
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MSC/VLR
Target BSS
Clear Complete
Measurement Report
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Hand-off scenario
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Handoff/handover
Handoff (also known as handover) is the ability of the subscriber to maintain a call while moving within a network Handoff is used in AMPS, IS-136 and IS-95. In GSM it is called handover Handover means that subscriber is transitioned from one radio channel and/or time slot) to another. Depending on the two cells in question the handover can be between two sectors on the same station between two BSCs between 2 MSCs or even between networks
Base station A
Base station B
Base station A
Base station B
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DNS Server
GGSN
Radius server
DHCP server
Create PDP Context RADIUS Authenticate Request RADIUS Authenticate Response DHCP Address request DHCP Address response Create PDP Context Response
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UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) The UTRAN consists of the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Node B which is the base station The RNC is analogous to the GSM BSC The Base station is equivalent to the Node B
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CSMGW
Mc
GMSC server
C
Nc
GGSN
Gc
HLR
D
PSTN Nb
AuC
Gr
Gn
EIR
F Gf Gs
MSC Server Mobile Switching Center Server CS-MGW Core System Media Gateway
VLR
B
E Nc
VLR
B
MSC server
Mc
MSC server
Mc
SGSN CN
GMSC Server Gateway Mobile Switching Center Server GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register
CS-MGW
Nb
CS-MGW
A Gb IuCS IuPS
BSS BSC
Abis
RNS RNC
Iub
Iur
RNC Node B
BTS Um
BTS
Node B
cell
Uu ME
SIM-ME i/f or Cu
SIM
USIM
MS
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Node B RNC
Softswitch
Node B
HLR
Node B
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Softswitch
Softswitch denotes a component in a new architecture designed for migrating from a voice centric world to a data centric world. Separates signaling from the bearer traffic allowing for greater flexibility and efficiency Represents a move from the monolithic traditional circuit switches to a more distributed, open architecture and provides for greater degree of flexibility
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SS7
Packet
T D M
Line Interfaces
Line Interfaces
T D M
TDM or IP
Media Gateway
Media Gateway
TDM or IP
Monolithic (Control + Bearer Integrated) Proprietary Interfaces Inefficient Resource Utilization Limited Scalability Higher Operating Costs Long Feature Development Intervals
Disaggregated (Control separated from Bearer) Open Interfaces Most Efficient Resource Utilization High Scalability Lower Capital / Operating Costs Rapid Feature Development / 3rd Party
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IMS Architecture
IMS is a framework of network nodes that use SIP signaling and an all IP core. Access agnostic. The network can be accessed by Fixed lines, mobiles, PDA etc Promises rich services like voice, data, video conferencing, real time gaming etc Uses the GPRS network Uses DIAMETER for AAA and database access Allows for Fixed Mobile Convergence
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IMS Network
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Market conditions
Mobile data is growing at an exponential speed Mobile data in US & Europe expected to grow at a CAGR of 55% & 42% respectively Mobile data revenues expected to grow at a rate of 18% Mobile broadband connections will reach 1 billion by 2012 segmented between 3G & 4G technologies
Highlights 1. Annual IP traffic will exceed a zettabyte in 4 years by 2012 (10 21) 2. Internet video (Youtube, DVD sharing ,IPTV) account for 30% of IP traffic 3. Video communication and dynamic video will increase the burden on the network 4. Global IP traffic will double every two years to 2010 and beyond
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3.5 G
High Speed Downlink Packet Data Access (HSDPA) Enhanced modulation scheme over WCDMA with throughput of 14.4 Mbps Uses 16 QAM in addition QPSK High Speed Uplink Packet Data Access (HSUPA) Enables uplink of 1.4 Mbps upto 5.76 Mbps
GSM
GPRS
WCDMA Rel 99
HSDPA Rel 5
HSUPA Rel 6
EDGE
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LTE Technologies
LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for lower latency and better spectral efficiency Uses MIMO (Mulitple In Multiple Out) LTE uses several transmit & receive paths reducing interference with increase in spectral efficiency and throughput. Flatter architecture Fewer Network elements in the LTE Evolved Packet Core(EPC). This results in lower latency because of lesser number of hops as compared to 3G. Absence of RNC like Network Element(NE).
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Standards
3GPP Rel 99 3GPP Rel 4 3GPP Rel 5 3GPP Rel 6 3GPP Rel 7 3GPP Rel 8 3GPP Rel 9 3GPP Rel 10
Technological evolution
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS based (2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G) Minor upgrades to UMTS, radio interface HSDPA , IMS architecture (3.5G) Higher speeds HSPA+,PoC, Voice & Video over VOIP EPS (E-UTRAN/LTE) (3.99G/4G) Enhancement to EPS LTE- Advanced (4G)
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Questions ?
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Quiz 4
1. A call from a PSTN to wireless network comes first to the a. MSC b. GMSC c. HLR d. VLR 2. The GMSC determines where to route the call by a. Checking its VLR b. Querying the HLR c. It knows where the mobile is d. none of the above 3. GSM has been deployed in a. 800 Mhz b. 1800 Mhz c. 1900 Mhz d. 2.4 Ghz 4. Which is not an Air Interface channel a. Broadcast channel b. Control channel c. Traffic channel d. All of the above 5. SDCCH is used for a. SMS b. For call establishment signaling c. both a & b d. None of the abover 6. How does a mobile inform its whereabouts a. It is stored in HLR b. By doing a Location Update c. HLR is informed of location changes d. Both b & c 7. While doing Location Update, authentication is done at AuC & Mobile a. True b. False 8. For Authentication MSC sends the mobile a. RAND b. SRES c. Ki d. All of the above 9. MS sends a channel request on a. RACH b. AGCH c. SDCCH d. TCH
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Quiz 4
10. Which of the following is true in a PSTN to mobile call a. GMSC sends MSISDN to HLR b. HLR determines MSC/VLR from MSISDN c. MSC/VLR sends a MSRN d. all of the above 11. UMTS uses 1. TDMA with FDD 2. CDMA 3. WCDMA 4. FDMA with FDD 12. Softswitch separates bearer from control a. True b. False 13. Which is not true for softswitch a. Uses time slot interchange b. uses media gateway c. does packet switching d. none of the above 14. Which of the following is true for IMS a. Uses SIP signaling b. Uses an IP Core c. Uses DIAMETER d. all of the above 15. LTE is made of the following a. BTS, BSC, MSC b. Node B, RNC, Softswitch c. Node B, RNC, SGSN, GGSN d. eNodeB, MME, SGW, GGW
6/29/2012
Tinniam V Ganesh
134
Tinniam V Ganesh
tvganesh.85@gmail.com
6/29/2012
Tinniam V Ganesh
135