Atomic Concept and Mole

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Matter Atoms and Ions Atomic and Molecular Mass Mole Concept Names of Chemical Compounds Chemical Formula Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry Volumetric Analysis

Matter
Matter can be described as anything that has mass and it must take up space.
Examples
States of Matter

Classification of Matter
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States of Matter
Depending on its temperature, matter can be solid, liquid or gas.

Classification of Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures

Homogeneous Elements Compounds

Heterogeneous

Atoms

Molecules

Ions
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Atom
An atom is the smallest particle differentiable as a certain chemical element.

When an atom of an element is divided, it ceases to be that element.

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Atoms
An atom consists of three sub-atomic particles which are electrons, protons and neutrons.

The atomic number ( Z ) is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element ( Z = p ).
In a neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons ( p = e ).

The mass number ( A ) is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element. In general the mass number is given by: Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number + number of neutrons

The accepted way to denote the atomic number and mass of an atom of an element ( X ) is as

Mass number or Nucleon number Atomic number or Proton number

A Z

X
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Atom
(a) Sodium (Na), (b) Iron (Fe), (c) Gold (Au), (d) Oxygen (O), (e) Hydrogen (H), (f) Chlorine (Cl), (g) Carbon (C).

Example

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Molecules
A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure compound that retains a set of unique chemical properties. A molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together.

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Molecules - examples (a) Oxygen (O 2 ), (b) Hydrogen (H 2 ), (c) Chlorine (Cl 2 ), (d) Ozone (O 3 ), (e) Water (H 2 O),
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IONIC COMPOUNDS
Sodium chloride (NaCl), Magnesium oxide (MgO) Sodium oxide (Na 2 O)

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Pure Substances
Any sample of matter can be classified as a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance can be either an element or a compound. The composition of a pure substance is definite and fixed.

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Pure Substances
Example:

2.Pure gold - an element.

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A chemical element or simply element , is a substance that cannot substances by ordinary chemical methods. The smallest particle of such an element is an atom , which consists of electrons centered around a nucleus of protons and neutrons.
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Examples of elements
(a)Metals - Iron (Fe), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg).
(a)Gases - Oxygen (O 2 ), Nitrogen (N 2 ), Chlorine (Cl 2 ), Helium (He), Neon (Ne).

(a)Non-metals - Carbon (C).

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Compounds
A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example, dihydrogen monoxide (water) is a compound composed of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom, H 2 O.
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Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances, often chemicals, in which the substances remain chemically distinct, retaining their particular composition and properties.
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Mixtures
There are two types of mixtures: heterogeneous mixtures and homogeneous mixtures.

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Heterogeneous Mixtures
A Heterogeneous Mixture does not have uniform properties throughout; the composition of one part (or phase) . Example: 1. A mixture of oil and water. 2. A mixture of nuts and cake.

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Homogeneous Mixtures
An Homogeneous Mixture is the same throughout. It has uniform composition and appearance throughout. Example: 1. A cup of hot coffee. 2. A mixture of alcohol and water. 3. A solution.

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Atoms and Ions

An atom consists of three sub-atomic particles which are electrons, protons and neutrons.

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Atoms and Ions

An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge.
H+ Cl Na + H+ O2H+

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Atoms and Ions

A negatively charged is known as an anion, and a positively charged is known as a cation.
Cation
H+ H+ O2Na + H+ H+ O 2Cl -

Anion

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Cations & anions

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Atomic and Molecular Mass

A tomic mass is the mass of one atom expressed in units ( atomic mass unit ,
amu) where 1 amu is equal to 1/12 th

of the actual mass of carbon-12. Atomic mass is also called as relative atomic mass or atomic weight.
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Relative Atomic Mass

Relative Atomic Mass is unitless. It is the atomic mass (amu) divided by the mass of one C-12 atom (amu).
Relative atomic mass = atomic mass (amu) x 12 mass of 12 C (12)

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Average Atomic Mass

Most elements have several naturally occurring isotopes with different abundance. The atomic mass shown in the periodic table for an element is actually a weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of the element.

Example 1

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Average Atomic Mass - Example 1 Bromine : 50.69% bromine - 79, mass = 78.9183 49.31% bromine - 81, mass = 80.9163 ? Average atomic mass of Br = (50.69% x 78.9183) + (49.31% x 80.9163) =79.9035 80

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Average Atomic Mass - Example 2 Magnesium : 78.99% magnesium-24, mass = 23.9850 10.00% magnesium-25, mass = 24.9858 11.01% magnesium-26, mass = 25.9826
? Average atomic mass of Mg = (78.99% x 23.9850) + (10.00% x 24.9858) + (11.01% x 25.9826) = 24.3050 24
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Average Atomic Mass: Exercise

Isotopes 6 Li 7 Li 16 O 17 O 18 O Mass 6.015 7.016 15.995 16.999 17.999 Abundance (%) 7.59 92.41 99.757 0.038 0.205

Calculate the average atomic mass of lithium and oxygen.

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Carbon - 12
Carbon-12 is the most abundant (98.89%) of the two stable isotopes of the element carbon. It contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. Carbon-12 is of particular importance as it is used as the standard from which all other isotopes' atomic weight is measured and thus the measurement of Avogadro's number.

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Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW ) is

substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12).
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Molecular Mass
calculated as the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms of any one molecule. The molar mass of a substance is numerically equal to the molecular mass, but expressed in mass units per mole (e.g. grams per mole)
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Molecular Mass
For example: the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.00784 u and that of oxygen is 15.9994 u; therefore, the molecular mass of water with formula H 2 O is (2 x 1.00784 u) + 15.9994 u = 18.01508 u.
Therefore, one molecule of water weighs 18.01508 u, and one mole of water weighs

18.01508 grams.
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Molecular Mass
Molecular mass or molar mass are used in stoichiometry calculations.

Since molecules are created by chemical reactions , not nuclear reactions , a molecule's molecular mass exactly equals the sum of the atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
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Mole Concept
The mole (symbol: mol) is one of the seven SI base units and is commonly used in chemistry.

Mole of substance A = Mass of substance A(g) Formula Mass of A(g.mol -1 )

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Mole Concept
It measures the amount of substance of a system and is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams carbon-12.

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Mole Concept
This quantity is known as Avogadro's number and is approximately 6.0221415 x 103.
N A = 6.022 x 10 23

or
6.02 x 10 23

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Names of Chemical Compounds

Different kinds of compounds are named by different rules. Ordinary table salt is named sodium chloride because of its formula, NaCl. But common table sugar is named -D-fructofuranosyl- -D-lucopyranoside. [Please don't worry about it!]
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Names of Chemical Compounds

Binary Compounds (nonmetals) Ionic Compounds

Acid

Salts

Hydrates

Polyatomic Ions
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Names of Binary Compound

Chemical Name
Dinitrogen pentoxide N 2 O 5

Symbol

Carbon tetrachloride Nitrous oxide Ammonia

CCl 4

N2O
NH 3
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Names of Ionic Compound

Chemical Name
Potassium sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Calcium chloride

Symbol
K2S FeS
CaCl 2

Zinc nitrate Sodium sulfate

Zn(NO 3 ) 2 Na 2 SO 4
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Names of Hydrates
Chemical Name

Symbol Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2O MgSO 4 .7H 2 O CaSO 4 .2H 2 O Na 2 B 4 O 7 .10H 2O

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Sodium carbonate decahydrate (washing soda) Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate(epsom salt)

Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax)

Names of Polyatomic Ions

Chemical Name
Dichromate Perchlorate Hypochlorite Bicarbonate Sulfate

Symbol
Cr 2 O 72ClO 4ClO HCO 3SO 4246

Names of Acid
Chemical Name Hydroiodic acid Hydrosulfuric acid Phosphoric acid Phosphorus acid Chlorous acid Symbol HI H2S
H 3 PO 4 H 3 PO 3 HClO 2

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Names of Salts Chemical Name

Sodium Fluoride Sodium Sulfite Sodium bicarbonate Sodium monohydrogen phosphite Potassium chlorate

Symbol
NaF
Na 2 SO 3 NaHCO 3 Na 2 HPO 3

KClO 3
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Names of Binary Compounds

1. Write an appropriate formula for (a) dinitrogen pentoxide (b) carbon tetrachloride (c) nitrous oxide (d) ammonia

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Names of Binary Compounds

2. Write the chemical name for
(a) NO 2

(b) SO 3

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Names of Ionic Compounds What are the names for the compounds (a) K 2 S (b) FeS
(c) CaCl 2 (d) Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (e) Na 2 SO 4
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Names of Hydrates
1. Write formulas for the following hydrates. (a) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (washing soda) (b) Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salt) (c) Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) (d) Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax)
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Names of Hydrates
2. Write the chemical names for the following hydrates. (a) CoCl 2 .6H 2 O (b) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O (c) Na 2 S 2 O 3 .5H 2 O

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Names of Polyatomic Ions Write formulas for the following ions. (a) chromate (b) perchlorate (c) hypochlorite (d) bicarbonate (e) sulfate
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Names of Polyatomic Ions Write names for the following ions.

(a) PO 43-

(b) Cr 2 O 72(c) S 2 O 3 (d) SCN (e) ClO 255

2-

thiocyanate dichromate thiosulfate phosphate chlorite

Names of Acids
Write names for the following acids. (a) HF
(b) H 2 SO 3
(c) H 2 CO 3

(d) CH 3 COOH (e) HClO

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Names of Acids
Write formulas for the following acids. (a) Hydroiodic acid (b) Hydrosulfuric acid (c) Phosphoric acid (d) Phosphorous acid (e) Chlorous acid
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Names of Salts Write names for the following typical salts. (a) NaF
(b) Na 2 SO 3
(c) NaHCO 3 (d) Na 2 HPO 3 (e) KClO 3
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Chemical Formula

There are two types of chemical formulas: (a) Empirical Formula, (b) Molecular Formula . Empirical formula and molecular formula are used for different purposes.

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Empirical Formula
The Empirical Formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound. Example: Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) and benzene (C 6 H 6 ) - the simplest ratio C : H = 1 : 1 Empirical Formula = CH

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Molecular Formula
The Molecular Formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

Example:
a) Acetylene - C 2 H 2
b) Benzene - C 6 H 6 c) Glucose - C 6 H 6 O 6

d) Water - H 2 O
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Exercise 1
When analyzed, an unknown compound gave these experimental results: C, 54.0%; H, 6.00%; O, 40.0%. Four different students used these values to calculate the empirical formulas shown here. Which answer is correct? Why did some students not get the correct answer?
(a) C 4 H 5 O 2 (b) C 5 H 7 O 3 (c) C 7 H 10 O 4 (d) C 9 H 12 O 5

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A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction 3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O 2 to form H 2 O

reactants

products

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How to "Read" Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O 2

2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O 2 makes 2 formula units MgO 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O 2 makes 2 moles MgO 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 g MgO

2 grams Mg + 1 gram O 2 makes 2 g MgO Is this correct?

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Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation.

Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

C2H6+O2

CO 2 + H 2 O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas ( coefficients ) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C 2 H 6

NOT

C 4 H 12
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Balancing Chemical Equations...contd

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product.
C2H6+O2

CO 2 + H 2 O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon on left
C2H6+O2

1 carbon on right
2CO 2 + H 2 O 2 hydrogen on right 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O

multiply CO 2 by 2

6 hydrogen on left
C2H6+O2

multiply H 2 O by 3

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Balancing Chemical Equations..contd

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.
C2H6+O2

2CO 2 + 3H 2 O

multiply O 2 by 7 2

2 oxygen on left
C2H6+7O2

4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen on right (3x1) (2x2)

2
2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2

2CO 2 + 3H 2 O remove fraction multiply both sides by 2

4CO 2 + 6H 2 O
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Balancing Chemical Equations.contd

5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.

2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2

4CO 2 + 6H 2 O

Reactants 4C

Products 4C 12 H 14 O
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12 H
14 O

Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Write balanced chemical equation 2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles 3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity 4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
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Methanol burns in air according to the equation 2CO 2 + 4H 2 O If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what mass of water is produced? grams CH 3 OH moles CH 3 OH moles H 2 O
2CH 3 OH + 3O 2

grams H 2 O

molar mass CH 3 OH
209 g CH 3 OH x

molar mass coefficients H2O chemical equation

4 mol H 2 O 18.0 g H 2 O 1 mol CH 3 OH = x x 32.0 g CH 3 OH 2 mol CH 3 OH 1 mol H 2 O

235 g H 2 O
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Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry (Exercise) 1. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of ethyl alcohol: C 2 H 5 OH (l) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l)

Answer

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Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry (Exercise)

Determine the number of grams of lead(II) sulfide, PbS, that can be oxidised by 5.22 mol of oxygen gas according to the following equation. 2PbS(s) + 3O 2 (g) 2PbO(s) + 2SO 2 (g)

Answer

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Volumetric Analysis
Concentrations of Solutions Dilution Titration

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Concentrations of Solutions
Molarity ( M ) The most widely used to quantify the concentration of solutions.

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Concentrations of Solutions
Molarity ( M ) The molarity of a solution is defined as

moles solutes Molarity volume of solution ( L ) = or M = n V

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Molarity - Exercise 1
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 23.4 g of sodium sulphate in enough water to form 125 mL of solution.

Answer
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Molarity - Exercise 2
How many grams of sodium sulphate, Na 2 SO 4 are required to make 0.350 L of 0.500 M Na 2 SO 4 ? Answer

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Dilution
Solutions that are used routinely in the laboratory are often purchased or prepared in concentrated form. They are called as stock solutions . Example: 12M HCl
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Dilution
Solutions of lower concentrations can be obtained by adding water. This process is called as dilution . Formula
( Initial molarity )( initial volume ) = ( final molarity )( final volume )

or M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2
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Exercise How many milliliters of 3.0 M H 2 SO 4 are required to make 450 mL of 0.10 M H 2 SO 4 ?
Answer

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Titration
How can we determine the concentration of a solution?

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Titration
One common way is to use a second solution of known concentration , called a standard solution , that undergoes a specific chemical reaction of known stoichiometry with the solution of unknown concentration .
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This procedure is known as titration . Example:

aA + bB

cC + dD

Formula
( molarity of solution A )( volume of solution A ) ( = molarity of solution B )( volume of solution B ) a b

or

MaVaMbVb

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Exercise
What is the molarity of an
automobile battery acid, H 2 SO 4

solution if 22.53 mL of the acid neutralizes 42.11 mL of 1.923 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH?

Answer

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