Mining in other countries

Vietnam
west of the Philippines wide variety of mineral resources
mineral resources are known to have 70 varieties found as ore deposits important mineral deposits: bauxite and anthracite large market does not cover the countrys mineral resources (lacking in quantity and utility)

Vietnam
Vietnam contributes to its GDP by 6.7% (2001) Lack of development in mineral resources
result of poor mining sector development lack of a competitive government mining policy for foreign investors lack of management in the internal areas
outside companies have already invested in the countrys mining sector Effect: production is from small to medium scale only

Japan
drive to procure more of these resources is present Several uncertainties exist in the development of mineral resources
uneven distribution of deposits of unknown potential risk of exploration long period needed risk of exhausting the deposits the price of the development

Japan
cost of developing the mineral sector is a challenge for small countries
Expertise of people are limited resources and equipments needed are expensive results to the government investing on outside ventures instead of developing its own resources

Japan
Japan is underdeveloped in terms of its mining sector
Solution: Japans low mining resources lead to its relationship with Australia in the iron-ore industry
Australia has the supplies to sustain the need for raw materials of Japan Japan sells its goods to Australia

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea

2010: minerals and petroleum industry delivered the PNG Government tax revenue of K1.08 billion (US$0.4 billion) and dividends of K230 million (US$92 million) number of exploration tenements issued in PNG jumped from 119 in 2006 to 311 in 2010 tenements under application more than doubled to 143 in 2010 from the year before Overall, exploration spending has doubled since 2006 and stands at US$89 million

Papua New Guinea

There are now nine active mining operations in Papua New Guinea:
Ok Tedi (copper, Western Province) Porgera (gold, Enga Privince) Lihir (gold, New Ireland Province) Tolukuma (gold, Central Province) Kainantu (gold, Eastern Highlands Province) Simberi (gold, New Ireland Province) Sinivit (gold, East New Britain Province) Edie Creek (gold, Morobe Province) Hidden Valley (gold, silver, Morobe Province)

Papua New Guinea

Newcrest Mining Hidden Valley mine in Morobe Province is expected to produce 250,000 ounces of gold and 3.4 million ounces of silver annually for the next 14 years
largest gold producer in the AsiaPacific region 10 projects in five countries

Ramu nickel-cobalt project

allow PNG to break away from its traditional reliance on gold and copper is in its final development stage Recently hindered by a legal dispute over the proposed method of disposing of the mines tailings

Papua New Guinea

Several other major projects are likely to be developed within the next seven years
Xstrata-led Frieda River in Sandaun Province: potentially one of the worlds largest copper and gold deposits Newcrest and Harmony Golds Wafi-Golpu deposit in Morobe Province
16 million ounces of gold and 4.8 million tonnes of copper companies believe further work may show the reserve to be double this size

Papua New Guinea

regulated by the Mining Act of 1992 and the Mining Safety Act administered by the Mineral Resources Authority (MRA) activities are funded by a 0.25% industry levy on existing mining operations Government continues to give high priority to the promotion of foreign investment in the sector

China

China

China
produces 97% of the worlds rare earth elements and 97% of rare earth oxides worlds largest producer and consumer of steel second largest consumer of non-ferrous metals such as copper and aluminium currently the largest buyer of copper on international markets second largest buyer of iron ore third largest buyer of alumina

China
largest or second largest producer and exporter of tin, lead, zinc, magnesium and a host of minor metals and industrial minerals
Chinas growth in consumption of refined zinc grew at 11%/year (1990-2001); its production of the metal grew 13%/year

fast-growing exporter of coal

between 1998 and 2001 Chinas exports of thermal coal tripled from 30 million tonnes to 90 million tonnes

China
China has more mines than all the other countries in the world put together

China
3,965,530 people were employed by Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) in the mining industry alone 2,896,774 people employed in the undefined TVE Materials Industry (presumably including quarries) 10,622,286 people employed in the TVE Mineral Processing Industry

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia
massive sulfide deposits are located in the southern part of the Arabian pre-Cambrian Shield
elevation of 6,000 feet above sea level occur within a marginal ore complex of volcanic, sedimentary, and intrusive rocks belonging to the Upper Proterozoic Three zones: principal sulfide minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite

Saudi Arabia
Bauxite mineral resources of over 250 million tonnes total mineral reserves of 200 million tonnes more mineral resources than any other country in the Gulf region soil in Saudi Arabia is rich in gold, copper, phosphate, and a wide array of industrial minerals

Saudi Arabia
2005 GDP contribution: $728 million (SR2.73 billion) 2006 GDP contribution: $747 million (SR2.8 billion) 1997: Saudi Government established the Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Maaden) as a catalyst for private investment in the mining sector 2004: revised mining code to further encourage investment in the mining industry

Saudi Arabia
1,273 sites of precious metals and 1,171 sites of non-precious metals over 48 minerals have been identified, with at least 15 industrial minerals that could become commercially viable

Saudi Arabia
Phosphate Bauxite Bentonite Copper Dolomite expandable clay feldspar and nepheline syenite Garnet Gold Zinc Granite Graphite Gypsum Tantalum high grade silica sand kaolinitic clays Limestone Magnesium Marble Olivine Pozzolan rock wool Silver Zeolites

Other minerals and known resources