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Define fluid.
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Fluid Mechanics deals with the study of all uids under static and dynamic situations.
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- Essential for the chemical engineer, because majority of chemical processing operations are conducted either partially or totally in the fluid phase.
A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid form Distinction between solid and fluid? Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is proportional to strain Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is proportional to strain rate
FLUID
Shear Force
Normal component: normal stress In a fluid at rest, the normal stress is called pressure
Act tangentially to a surface. Deforming is caused by shearing forces, i.e. forces such as F (refer Figure 1.1), which act tangentially to the surfaces to which they are applied and causes the material originally occupying the space ABCD to deform ABCD.
a fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or flows, when subjected to shearing forces. if a fluid is at rest there are no shearing forces acting. distinction between solid and fluid : substance ability to resist shear stress.
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when a fluid is in motion shear stresses are developed if the particles of the fluid move relative to one another. when this happens adjacent particles have different velocities. if fluid velocity is the same at every point then there is no shear stress produced : the particles have zero relative velocity.
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consider the flow in a pipe in which water is flowing at the pipe wall the velocity of the water will be zero
the velocity will increase as we move toward the centre of the pipe. This change in velocity across the direction of flow is known as velocity profile
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Because particles of fluid next to each other are moving with different velocities there are shear forces in the moving fluid i.e. shear forces are normally present in a moving fluid.
On the other hand, if a fluid is a long way from the boundary and all the particles are traveling with the same velocity, the velocity profile would look something like this :
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and there will be no shear forces present as all particles have zero relative velocity. in practice we are concerned with flow past solid boundaries; airplanes, cars, pipe walls, etc. and shear forces will be present.
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To learn and instill a sense of love for the subject of this fluid, you need to know more closely the natures of the fluid.
At the same time, you not only must know the properties of this fluid, but you also must know the names, symbols, units and formulas associated with each character described.
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The density of a substance is that quantity of matter contained in unit volume of the substance. It can be expressed in three different ways
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1.4.1 MASS DENSITY Mass density, is defined as the mass of substance per unit volume. Units: kilogram per cubic meter (kgm-3)
Typical values at p=1.013 x 105 Nm-2, T=288.15 K, mass density of water is 1000 kgm-3 and air is 1.23 kgm-3.
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An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g and occupies a volume of 23.4 ml. Determine the density of the unknown liquid.
= [(18.5 g) / (1000 g/kg)] / [(23.4 ml) / (1000 ml/l) (1000 l/m3) ] = (18.5 10-3 kg) / (23.4 10-6 m3) = 790 kg/m3
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Where: SG = specific gravity = density of fluid or substance (kg/m3) water = density of water (kg/m3) Typical values for water is 1.0 and oil is 0.9.
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The resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress 1.5.1 Dynamic Viscosity, 1.5.2 Kinematic Viscosity,
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measures its resistance to flow under an applied shear stress units : kg/(m.sec), g/(cm.sec) or poise, P (10P = 1kgm-1s1) kinematic viscosity, = / units : m2s-1 or Stokes, St (104 St = 1 m2s-1)
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Kinematic is related to the cross section of fluid passing through an area in a unit of time.
Dynamic is related to the mass quantity per (meter * second) passing through a volume of space.
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is defined as the weight per unit volume or the force exerted by gravity, g, upon a unit volume of the substance relationship between g and : = g units : N/m3
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If a specific weight of liquid is 8.1 kN/m3, what is its density ? Solution = g = /g = 8.1 kN/m3 / 9.81 ms-2 = 825.7 kg/m3
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Define fluid mechanics. 2) state the differences between solid and fluid. 3) Calculate density of a substance when its mass and volume are 5000 g of 340 cm3 respectively. 4) Determine specific weight for a liquid when its density is 230 g/cm3. 5) Estimate relative density for ice-lemon tea if the density is 987g/cm3 . 6) Dynamic viscosity for a fluid is 1.095 kgm-1s-1.Determine its kinematic viscosity if the density is 356 kgm-3. 7) Shear force, 20 N acts tangentially to the fluid element as in figure 1 below. (a) determine shear stress for the fluid if area of AabB is 340cm2. (b) Calculate shear strain if x and y are 15 m and 23 m respectively.
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