Displacement and Velocity

Frame of Reference
- In order to measure the distance of an object we must use a frame of reference.

Point A --------> Point B

- These are usually distinct points on the Earth's surface or distinguishing points in the sky.

The perception of motion depends on the observers frame of reference

Describe the motion observed by one of the boys in the drawing, how does the motion appear to be different to the other boy?

The perception of motion depends on the observers frame of reference

Imagine you are the girl observing the bus, describe the motion of each object that you can see

Distance is a scalar quantity and tells you only the magnitude (number sum only) of a path taken.

Displacement is the shortest distance between the starting point and the end point.

Distance vs. Displacement

You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 8 miles (your distance). Your displacement is the shorter directed distance from start to stop (yellow arrow). What if you drove in a circle?
start

stop

Constant speed

A moving object that doesnt change its speed travels at constant speed Constant speed means equal distances are covered in an equal amount of time

Calculating Speed
Speed = Distance Time If a runner travels 100 m in 10 seconds what was his average speed? Probably not constant Can solve for the other pieces too Distance = speed x time Time = Distance Speed

average velocity = displacement time interval

d v t
_

instantaneous velocity - the velocity that something has at any one instance
(The terms instantaneous speed and avg. speed may also be used)

The average velocity for a trip might be 53 miles/hour.

However, during this trip your instantaneous speed might have been 0 miles/hour at a stoplight or 70 miles/hour on the open road.

DESCRIBING MOTION

DYNAMICS
is a branch of mechanics that deals with the study of bodies that are in motion Branches are Kinematics and Kinetics

KINEMATICS vs KINETICS
is a study under dynamics which deals with the space-time relationships in bodies that are in motion. It is the quantitative description of motion used to determine some unknown property of the motion.

deals with the study of the kind of motion of body due to the action of forces

Describing Motion
a continuous change of position with respect to a specific frame of reference during a given time Everything moves with respect to or relative to a certain reference point.

Describing Motion
Rectilinear Motion
kinematics of bodies that are moving along either a straight path

Distance (d)
the position of the object as measured from a reference point

Describing Motion
Displacement (D)
is defined as a vector that points from an objects initial position to its final position and whose magnitude equals the distance separating the points
D = final position - initial position D = Xf - Xi

Speed
it is how fast something is moving the scalar magnitude of velocity it is the total distance traveled per unit time = d / t
d = total distance traveled t = elapsed time or change in time = speed

Sample Problem
A cars covers a distance of 150 m for 10 seconds. What is the cars speed?

Instantaneous Speed
indicates only how fast an object is moving at each instant of time the speedometer of an automobile indicates its instantaneous speed

Average Speed
is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time required to travel that distance = distance traveled / elapsed time =d/t

Visualization

Velocity
is the displacement of an object during a certain time divided by that time it is the speed in a given direction v = Displacement / elapsed time v=D/t

Instantaneous Velocity
indicates how fast an object moves at each instant of time and the direction of that motion

Average Velocity
Average velocity v of an object during some time period is the objects displacement ( a vector) during that time divided by the time. v = dispalcement / elapsed time v=d/t

Motion @ Constant Velocity

is motion in a straight line (path) at constant speed
constant speed meaning the object does not move faster or slower constant direction meaning the objects path does not curve at all

Motion @ Changing Velocity

the speed or the direction (or both) is changing
Constant speed and constant velocity are not the same An object may move at a constant speed along a curved path but does not move at constant velocity because its direction is changing every instant

Acceleration
is a vector quantity which is defined as "the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
acceleration = change in velocity / time elapsed a = v / t a = (vf vi) / t

Acceleration
acceleration has nothing to do with going fast a person can be moving very fast, and still not be accelerating acceleration has to do with changing how fast an object is moving the object is decelerating if its speed decreases

Acceleration
if an object is not changing its velocity, then the object is not accelerating
representative of an accelerating object the velocity is changing with respect to time the velocity is changing by a constant amount - 10 m/s - in each second of time

Which car or cars (red, green, and/or blue) are undergoing an acceleration?

Close inspection of the Figure

The green and blue car are both accelerating. The red car is moving at constant speed, covering the same distance in each second of the animation. The green and blue are speeding up, thus covering an increasing distance in each second of the animation.

Constant Acceleration
Sometimes an accelerating object will change its velocity by the same amount each second. This is known as a constant acceleration since the velocity is changing by the same amount each second.

Constant Acceleration
Constant acceleration is not the same as with a constant velocity. If an object is changing its velocity whether by a constant amount or a varying amount it is an accelerating object. An object with a constant velocity is not accelerating.

Instantaneous Acceleration
is a change in velocity divided by the very short time needed for that change

Factors affecting Acceleration

the change in the magnitude of the objects velocity - that is, its change in speed the change in the direction of the objects velocity the time required for these changes

Direction of Acceleration and Velocity

Consider the motion of a Hot Wheels car down an incline, across a level, straight section of track, around a 180-degree curve, and finally along a final straight section of track.

Direction of Acceleration and Velocity

Sign Convention for Acceleration

Acceleration is positive (+) if Vf is greater than Vi.

Vf Vi

Under the following Conditions

SPEEDING UP TOWARDS THE POSITIVE DIRECTION The object is moving towards a positive direction with increasing speed

SLOWING DOWN TOWARDS THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION The object is moving towards a negative direction with decreasing speed

Sign Convention for Acceleration

Acceleration is negative (-) if Vf is lesser than Vi.

Vf Vi

Under the following Conditions

SLOWING DOWN TOWARDS THE POSITIVE DIRECTION The object is moving towards a positive direction with decreasing speed

SPEEDING UP TOWARDS THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION The object is moving towards a negative direction with increasing speed

Types of Motion
Rectilinear
Uniformly accelerated Free fall

Curvilinear
Projectile Circular

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

Characteristics
Motion is along a straight line. Velocity changes uniformly throughout the motion. Acceleration has a constant value. Average acceleration between any time interval is equal to the instantaneous acceleration at any time t.

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

Characteristics
Displacement versus time graph is quadratic. The slope of the tangent line is equal to the instantaneous velocity. Velocity versus time graph is linear. The slope of the graph is equal to the constant acceleration. Acceleration versus time graph has zero slope.

Kinematic Equation for Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

1) Vf = Vi + at

2) Vave = Vi + Vf 2 3) x = Vit 4) + at2 2

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2ax

Freely Falling Bodies

A body is said to be in free fall if gravity or earths pull is the only force acting on it. If air resistance is neglected, it is found that falling bodies are accelerated toward the earths surface.

Freely Falling Bodies

all equations for linear motion will therefore be applicable. the acceleration is due to gravity (g) whose direction is toward the center of the earth.

Acceleration due to gravity (g)

value varies from place to place sea level and 450 latitude, g has the following values approximately equal to 9.8 m/sec2, or 980 cm/sec2, or 32 ft/sec2.

Situations to consider in problem involving g

when the objects motion is in the direction of g, (i.e., free fall). When the object is allowed to fall, the direction of the motion is downward and it is with the direction of g. - consider the downward motion as positive and we take g as positive.

Situations to consider in problem involving g

when the objects motion is in opposite direction of g, (i.e., a ball thrown upward). When the object is thrown vertically upward, the direction of the motion is upward and it is opposite the direction of g, therefore g becomes negative.

Equations of Free fall

1) Vf = Vo + gt

2) Vave = Vo + Vf 2 3) Y = Vot 4) + gt2 2

Vf2 = Vo2 + 2gY

Effect of Weight and Air Resistance

Weight has no effect on the acceleration of bodies in free fall. Both will have the same acceleration due to gravity. Frictional force due to air resistance affects the motion of objects under free fall. Frictional force or drag due to air resistance can not be ignored.

Effect of Weight and Air Resistance

When the drag force and the downward pull of gravity are balanced, the velocity of object remains constant. This constant velocity is called terminal velocity.