DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS

By

Drs. KISMUNADI, M.Pd

SMAN 4 SEMARANG

A. DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Electric current illustrated as a motion of positive charges passing through from the higher potential to the lower potential. Electric current defined as the amount of charge passing through in every unit of time ( second ). Formula : I = Electric current ( ampere ) q I q = charge ( coulomb ) t t = unit of time ( second )

B. RESISTANCE OF WIRE
The resistance of a wire depends on : Length of the wire Width of the wire Kind of the wire Formula : R = Resistance ( Ohm, ) = Resistivity of the material ( m) R = Length ( m) A = Width ( m2)

C. OHMS LAW Said : The amount of electric current passing though a conductor is proportionally to the voltage and is reverse to its resistance.
V A = Ammeter V = Voltmeter A

L = Lamp

V = Voltage V
V=I.R Grafik R = tg V

Exercise :
1. A wire has a length of 10 m and has a wide of 2 mm2. The charges passing through the wire is 120 coulomb per minute. If the resistivity of the wire is 4 x 10-7 Ohm meter. Calculate the : a. Electric current b. Resistance of the wire c. Potential difference

2. In Ohms experiment, the result is :

V ( Volt)

4 300 i A

Determine : a). Resistance of the wire. b). Coefficient of A.

(ampere)

3. Resistance of a wire is approximately 10 , if the wire folded into the length of 1/4 times from the first, measure the resistance of these wire !

D. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT Kirchoffs first rule The sun of the currents entering the function most equal to the sum of the currents leaving it. Example :
i6
I1

i5 I1 + I2 = i3 + i4 + i5 + i6 i4

I2

i3

Series circuit
R1 R2 R3

Characteristic : The current passing through every resistor is equal.

i
V

R total = R1 + R2 + R3 V1 : V2 : V3 = R1 : R2 : R3 V tut = V1 + V2 + V3

The potential difference on every resistor is different.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
I1 I2 I3 R3 R1 R2

Characteristics : The current passing through the function is different. The potential difference of every function is equal.

I I I R R R R total 1 2 3 V1 V 2 V 3 I I I : : I1: I2 : I3 R1 R 2 R3

Exercise : 1. Notice the picture below !

R2 R1 I = 2A R3 R5 R7 I = 6A I = 10A R5

R4

R6

Calculate the current passing through R1, R3, R4, R5, R6.

2. Look at the picture

10 4 6 5

V = 75 Volt

Measure : a) The current passing through every resistor.

b) The voltage on every resistor.

3. Look at the picture

R1 = 12

Calculate : a) The total current I b) The voltage on every resistor

I1
I4 I3

R2 = 4

R3 = 6

c) The current passing through every resistor

V = 60 Volt

4. Look at the picture

a

R1 = 2

R3 = 12 R5 = 6

R2 = 4

R4 = 2

Calculate the total resistance ( a b )

5. Look at the picture

2 A 6 B 2 2 2 2 4 D 2 2 2 C

Calculate : a) Total resistance AB b) Total resistance CD

c) Total resistance AD
d) Total resistance BC

WHEAT STONES BRIDGE

Rx I=0 R1

If in the galvanometer (G) there are no current passed, then :

l1. . R1 = l2 Rx
R1 = Identified resistance Rx = Measured resistance

l1 ruler

l2

The formula above, also used for the circuit below

R1 R2 i=0 G R4 R5

R1 . R 3 = R 2 . R 4

Exercise : 1) Look at the picture below !

R=12 Rx R1=10

Find Rx

G
2 cm 5 cm

2) Look at the picture below !

10 8 2 4 6

Calculate the total resistance !

E. THE SERIES AND PARALLEL OF ........... Ohms second low The current flows on a resistor is proportional to the potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance.
R

E = Potential difference
E r

r = The resistor of the battery

E=I(R+r) E=IR+Ir E = V + Vl Vl = Ir

Is called the lost of V = V = IR potential difference

Battery in series
E1 E2 E3

r1

r2
R

r3

Etotal = n E n = Amount rtotal = n r

Battery in parallel
E

r r r

E E

Etotal = E

total

r r r

Exercise 1. Look the picture :

R1 = 12 E = 27 volt r = 2/3 I I1 I3 R1 I2 R2 = 16 R3 = 24 Hitung : a) I, I1, I2 dan I3 b) Tegangan jepit (klem sparing) rangkaian
E

R2
R3

2. Look the picture :

E E E

E = 15 Volt r = 0,25

R1 = 8 R2 = 12

R3 = 24

r I I1 I3

r R1

Hitung : a) I, I1, I2 dan I3

b) Tegangan jepit rangkaian

I2

R2 R3

3. Look the picture :

4Volt 0,2 2 2 Volt 0,1 1 0,3 6 Volt 3 0,4 8 Volt 3

Find the current flow throungh the circuit

4. Look the picture :

E r E r E r

E = 18 Volt r = 0,6 Hitung : a) I, I1 end I2 b) Tegangan jepit c) The lost of pot difference

I1 I2

6 30 0,8

5. Look the picture :

E E E I I1 I2 4 7 5

Each branch cousists of 6 battery E = 4 Volt R = 0,5 Hitung : a) I, I1, I2 b) Tegangan jepit c) The lost of pot difference

F. KIRCHOFF SECOND LOW The sum of the drops in potential difference in a close circuit is equal to zero.

v iR o
V = Potential difference

Or

E iR o

E = Elf ( electromotive force )

Exercise : 1. Look the picture :

E1 = 9V r1 = 0,5 3 Arde A E1 = 4V r1 = 0,5

Find : a) The current how the circuit b) The potential difference in A

2. Look the picture :

E1 = 12V

Find :
V2 = 6V

R1

R2 = 3

a) The currents on each prances. b) The potential difference A.B

3. Look the picture

R1 = 6 A E2 = 4Volt R2 = 0,5 E3 = 12 V

E1 = 10V

r1 = 0,5
B

R2 = 2
R3 = 5

r3 = 0,5

Find :
a) The currents on each prances b) The potential di ference A. B

G. ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL...... On a conductor of electrically charged in a moving or steady charge is called electrical energy. Rumus W=Vit W = Electrical energy V = Electrical of potential difference i = Electric current t = Time ( s ) The rate of electrical energy per second is called electrical power. W P = daya listrik (Walt) p

t
P=V.i

Exercise : 1. An electrical iron is con summed 500 watt of power. The iron is used for hour. Find : a) The electric current b) The energy consumed 2. three lamps each have 100W/110V,25W/110V and 20 W/110V is arranged in series and connected to potential difference of 110V. Find : a) The power consumed by the lamps b) The electric current through each lamp.

3. Look at the picture

R1 A B R2 C R3 D

R1 = 20 R2 = 30

Hitung :

R3 = 60
a) The power consumed. b) The energy used for 1 hour.

4. A refrigerator of 90W/220V is used for hours energy lay. If the cost of I Kwh is Rp. 700,- now much is the cost in one month.