Microprocessor vs.

Microcontroller
Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate versatility general-purpose Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports single-purpose

FEATURES
Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS-51, in 1981. 8051 by all manufactures remain code-compatible 8-bit CPU optimized for control applications Extensive Boolean processing (Single-bit logic) capabilities 64K Program Memory address space 64K Data Memory address space 4K bytes of on-chip Program Memory 128 bytes of on-chip Data RAM 32 bidirectional and individually addressable 1/0 lines Two 16-bit timer/counters Full duplex UART 6-source/5-vector interrupt structure with two priority levels On-chip clock oscillator

89c52 and 89s52

C stands for CMOS. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It has high noise immunity & low power consumption, not so much heat. S stands for Serial In System Programmable Can be programmed while installed in a system Isp chips have internal circuitry to generate any necessary programming voltage from system normal voltage, and communicate with the programmer via a serial protocol

PIN DETAILS

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Interrupt Control

4K ROM

128 RAM

Timer 0 Timer 1

CPU
OSC
Bus Control

4 I/O Ports

Serial Port
TXD RXD

P0

P1

P2

P3

MEMORY STRUCTURE
External

60K

64K

External
SFR

64K

EXT
EA = 0

INT
EA = 1

4K

128 Data Memory

Program Memory

INTERNAL RAM STRUCTURE

Inirect Direct Addressing Addressing Only Only

SFR

Direct & Indirect Addressing

128 Byte Internal RAM

128 BYTE RAM

General Purpose Area

BIT Addressable Area 128 BYTE INTERNAL RAM Reg Bank 3 Reg Bank 2 Register Banks Reg Bank 1 Reg Bank 0

REGISTER BANK STRUCTURE

Bank 3 Bank 2

R0 R0

R1 R1

R2 R2

R3 R3

R4 R4

R5 R5

R6 R6

R7 R7

Bank 1
Bank 0

R0
R0

R1
R1

R2
R2

R3
R3

R4
R4

R5
R5

R6
R6

R7
R7

Program Status Word - PSW

CY

AC

F0

RS1

RS0

OV

SFR
F8 F0 E8 E0 D8 D0 C8 PSW Acc B FF F7 EF E7 DF D7 CF

C0
B8 B0 A8 A0 98 90 88 80 IP P3 IE P2 SCON P1 TCON P0 TMOD SP TL0 DPL TL1 DPH TH0 TH1 PCON SBUF

C7
BF B7 AF A7 9F 97 8F 87

Registers
Register are used to store information temporarily The Accumulator The Accumulator, as its name suggests, is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most versatile register the 8052 has due to the sheer number of instructions that make use of the accumulator. More than half of the 8052's 255 instructions manipulate or use the Accumulator in some way. The "R" Registers The "R" registers are sets of eight registers that are named R0, R1, through R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations. To continue with the above example, perhaps you are adding 10 and 20. The original number 10 may be stored in the Accumulator whereas the value 20 may be stored in, say, register R4. To process the addition you would execute the command:

Registers
The B Register The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used implicitly by two 8052 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. Thus, if you want to quickly and easily multiply or divide A by another number, you may store the other number in "B" and make use of these two instructions. The Program Counter The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address that tells the 8052 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8052 is initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executed. It is important to note that PC isn't always incremented by one. Since some instructions are 2 or 3 bytes in length the PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases.

Registers
The Data Pointer The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8052s only user-accessible 16-bit (2-byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all 1-byte values. The PC just described is a 16-bit value but isn't directly user-accessible as a working register. The Stack Pointer The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from.

Flash Memory
Flash memory (sometimes called "flash RAM") is a type of constantly-powered nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks. It is a variation of electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) which, unlike flash memory, is erased and rewritten at the byte level, which is slower than flash memory updating. memory gets its name because the microchip is organized so that a section of memory cells are erased in a single action or "flash." The erasure is caused by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in which electrons pierce through a thin dielectric material to remove an electronic charge from a floating gate associated with each memory cell. Intel offers a form of flash memory that holds two bits (rather than one) in each memory cell, thus doubling the capacity of memory without a corresponding increase in price.

A machine cycle consists of a sequence of 6 states numbered S1 through S6. Each state time lasts for two oscillator periods. Thus a machine cycle takes 12 Oscillator periods or 1 s if the oscillator frequency is 12 MHz. Each state is divided into a Phase 1 half and a Phase 2 half.

Crystal Oscillator

Oscillator Circuit
The 8051 uses the crystal for precisely that: to synchronize its operation. Frequency of clock can vary 4mhz-30mhz. A single machine cycle is the minimum amount of time in which a single 8051 instruction can be executed. 8051 has an on-chip oscillator. It needs an external crystal that decides the operating frequency of the 8051. The crystal is connected to pins 18 and 19 with stabilizing capacitors. 12 MHz(11.059MHz) crystal is often used and the capacitance ranges from 20pF to 40pF.

Clock
A cycle is 12 pulses of crystal If crystal pulse is 11,059,000 times per second, instruction cycles per second is 11,059000/12=921,583khz ie 1/921.6khz=1.085 s 921.6khz can be divided evenly by the standard communication baud rates of 19200,4800,2400,1200 and 300 hz.

8051 Flags and PSW Register

The flag register in 8051 is called Program Status Word (PSW)register PSW is a 8-bit register 8051 has 4 conditional flags CY(Carry), AC(Auxiliary Carry), OV(Overflow), P(Parity) D7 CY D6 AC D5 F0 D4 RS1
Address

D3 RS0

D2 OV

D1 --

D0 P

Register RS0 RS1 Bank

SETB PSW.4

; select bank 2

0
1 2 3

0
0 1 1

0
1 0 1

00 07H
08 0FH 10H 17H 18H 1FH

Timers
Timers can be used for time delay and for counters 8051 has two 16 bit timers. Can count from 0000H to FFFFH.
TH0 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 TL0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 0 TH1 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 TL1 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 1

TIMERS Timer 0
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Timer 1
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2

SFRs Related to TIMER

TMOD
If Gate is set, timer run only when INT1/INT0 is high If C/T is set timer will count events on T1(p3.5), if reset timer will be incremented every machine cycle

Gate

C/

M1

M0

Gate

C/

M1

M0

Timer 1

TCON
TR0 IE1

Timer 0

TF1

TR1 Timers

TF0

IT1

IE0

IT0

Timer flag bit sets when overflows Timer start/stop bit

Interrupt

Flag bits

Timer Modes
Mode Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 M1 0 0 1 M0 0 1 0 Operation 13-bit Timer 16-bit Timer 8-bit Auto Reload

Mode 3

Split Timer Mode

Mode 0: 13 bits 0000 to 1FFFH Mode 1: 16 bits 0000 to FFFFH

Mode 2: 8 bits 00 to FFH. Initial value loaded into the higher byte, copy of same is passed to lower byte. Timer rolls over from FFH to initial value automatically.
Mode 3: Acts as two separate 8 bit timers

SERIAL PORT Mode 0

The Serial Port in Mode-0 has the following features: Serial data enters and exits through RXD TXD outputs the shift clock 8 bits are transmitted / received The baud rate is fixed at (1/12) of the oscillator frequency

SERIAL PORT Mode 1

The Serial Port in Mode-1 has the following features: Serial data enters RXD Serial data exits through TXD On receive, the stop bit goes into RB8 in SCON 10 bits are transmitted / received Start bit (0) Data bits (8) Stop Bit (1) Baud rate is determined by the Timer 1 over flow rate.

SERIAL PORT Mode 2

The Serial Port in Mode-2 has the following features: Serial data enters RXD Serial data exits through TXD 9th data bit (TB8) can be assign value 0 or 1 On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON 11 bits are transmitted / received Start bit (0) Data bits (9) Stop Bit (1) Baud rate is programmable (1/32) or (1/64) of the oscillator frequency

SERIAL PORT Mode 3

The Serial Port in Mode-3 has the following features:
Serial data enters RXD Serial data exits through TXD 9th data bit (TB8) can be assign value 0 or 1 On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON 11 bits are transmitted / received Start bit (0) Data bits (9) Stop Bit (1) Baud rate is determined by the Timer 1 over flow rate.

SFRs Related to SERIAL PORT

SCON
SM0 SM1
Mode Bits

SM2

REN

TB8

RB8

TI

RI
Flag bits

8th bit/9th bit

PCON
SMOD

GF1

GF0

PD

IDL

Serial Port Modes

SM2 enables the multiprocessing capability of the 8051 when we are using the 8051 in a multiprocessor environment.
Mode Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 SM0 0 0 1 1 SM1 0 1 0 1 Description Shift Register 8-bit UART 9-bit UART Baud Rate Fixed, clock/12 Variable, set by timer 1 fixed, clock/12 or clock/64

9-bit variable Variable, set by timer 1 baud rate UART

Setting baud rate

Baud rate is equal to timer 1 overflow frequency / 32 Because SMOD in PCON SFR is cleared on system reset If it is set baud rate is doubled Set timer 1 as 8-bit auto-reload The equation to find value to be loaded into TH1 is 256-(system frequency/(12*32))/baud)

Baud Rate example

To achieve baud rate 1200 using 12MHz clock TH1=256-(12MHz/(12*32))/1200 TH1=256-26.04=230

INTERRUPTS
The Interrupt structure has the following features: 5 interrupt sources
Interrupt External 0 Flag IE0 Location TCON.1

External 1
Timer 0 Timer 1 Serial Port Receive Serial Port Transmit

IE1
TF0 TF1 RI TI

TCON.3
TCON.5 TCON.7 SCON.0 SCON.1

Interrupt Vectors
The address of ISR (interrupt service routine) is known as interrupt vector
Interrupt System Reset External 0 Timer 0 External 1 Flag RST IE0 TF0 IE1 vector 0000H 0003H 000BH 0013H

Timer 1
Serial Port

TF1
RI or TI

001BH
0023H

Interrupt Priority
Each interrupts can have two priority levels 0&1 1 for high priority Set appropriate bit in IP SFR

SFRs Related to INTERRUPTS

IE
Enables or disables all or each iterrupt

EA

ES

IP

ET1

EX1

ET0

EX0

PS

PT1

PX1

PT0

PX0

Priority Within Level

RI / TI LOW TF1 TR1 TF0 TF1 IE1 TF0 IE0 HIGH

TCON
TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0

IT0

The SJMP command can only jump to an address within +/- 128 bytes of the SJMP command. The AJMP command can only jump to an address that is in the same 2k block of memory as the AJMP command. That is to say, if the AJMP command is at code memory location 650h, it can only do a jump to addresses 0000h through 07FFh (0 through 2047, decimal).

Addressing Modes
immediate Addressing - MOV A,#20h
The value to be stored in memory immediately follows the operation code in memory

Direct Addressing - MOV A,30h

OPCODE XXX

<----------- Byte --------->

<----8 or 16 --->

The value to be stored in memory is obtained by directly retrieving it from another memory location , address can reference a: 1) Byte within the SFR (if value of XXX is 128 -> 255) 2) Bit within the SFR (if value of XXX is 128 -> 255) 3) Byte within the lower 128 bytes of Internal RAM (if value of XXX is 0 -> 127) 4) Bit within the Bit address area ( if value of XXX is 0 -> 127)

Addressing Modes
Indirect Addressing - MOV A,@R0
OPCODE REG

<-------------------------- Byte --------------------->

The 8051 will load the accumulator with the value from Internal RAM which is found at the address indicated by R0. 1) Registers R0, R1 or SP can point at any location in Internal Data Memory 2) Registers R0 or R1 can point at a location in the bottom 256 bytes of the External Data Memory 3) DPTR can point at any location in External Data Memory

Addressing Modes
External Direct - MOVX A,@DPTR External Indirect - MOVC A,@A+DPTR
The Address = Contents of DPTR or PC + Contents of Accumulator

Number formats
Decimal without suffix
12, -1000

Hexadecimal followed by H (or h)

11h, 0AAh

Binary followed by B (or b)

11100111b Hexadecimal expressions that start with a letter must be preceded by a zero.

LCD DISPLAY

LCD DISPLAY

Pin number
1 2 3 4

Symbol
Vss Vcc Vee RS

Level
0/1

I/O
I

Function
Power supply (GND) Power supply (+5V) Contrast adjust 0 = Instruction input, 1 = Data input 0 = Write to LCD module, 1 = Read from LCD module Enable signal Data bus line 0 (LSB)

5 6 7

R/W E DB0

0/1 1, 1->0 0/1

I I I/O

8
9 10 11 12 13 14

DB1
DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7

0/1
0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1

I/O
I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O

Data bus line 1

Data bus line 2 Data bus line 3 Data bus line 4 Data bus line 5 Data bus line 6 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Code Instruction
RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

Description

Executi on time

Clear display Cursor home Entry mode set Display On/Off control Cursor/disp lay shift Function set Set CGRAM address Set DDRAM address Read busyflag and address counter Write to CGRAM or DDRAM Read from CGRAM or DDRAM

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

1 *

Clears display and returns cursor to the home position (address 0). Returns cursor to home position (address 0). Also returns display being shifted to the original position. DDRAM contents remains unchanged. Sets cursor move direction (I/D), specifies to shift the display (S). These operations are performed during data read/write. Sets On/Off of all display (D), cursor On/Off (C) and blink of cursor position character (B). Sets cursor-move or display-shift (S/C), shift direction (R/L). DDRAM contents remains unchanged. Sets interface data length (DL), number of display line (N) and character font(F). Sets the CGRAM address. CGRAM data is sent and received after this setting. Sets the DDRAM address. DDRAM data is sent and received after this setting.

1.64mS

1.64mS

I/D

40uS

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1

0 1 DL

1
S/C

D
R/L

C * *

B * *

40uS

40uS 40uS

CGRAM address

40uS

DDRAM address

40uS

BF

CGRAM / DDRAM address

Reads Busy-flag (BF) indicating internal operation is being performed and reads CGRAM or DDRAM address counter contents (depending on previous instruction).

0uS

write data

Writes data to CGRAM or DDRAM.

40uS

read data

Reads data from CGRAM or DDRAM.

40uS