CHAPTER 1 Introduction To Science

1.1
Science is Part of everyday life

Science

What is Science?

systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment. the information produced Scientific from the study of science. knowledge application of scientific knowledge for the use of mankind. Security

Technology

Introduction to Science
Doctor

Importance of Science
Careers Related to Science

Transportation Communication & Information Medical Agriculture

Pharmacist Astronomers

Science Teacher

Importance of Science
Security
- The use of computer increases efficiency of a

security system.
Transportation - The use of vehicles reduced the time to travel

from on place to another.

 Communication & Information - The invention of satellite helps people

interact with people around he world and - search information more quickly
Medical - The production of medicine help to improve

human health and cure.

Agriculture - the use of machines increase the production

of food.

1.2
Science laboratory

LABORATORY
It is the place where a scientist do their work.

Students carry out investigations or

experiments during science lesson in science laboratories.

Laboratory Rules & Safety Precaution

Never enter the lab unless a teacher is

present.
Do not eat and drink or taste any chemical

in the lab.
Always follow the teachers instruction Never touch chemicals with your bare

hands. Use a spatula.

Continue
Read the label on a reagent bottle before using its

content. Turn off the Bunsen burner after use. Do not pour back any unused chemical into its bottle. Wash and keep all apparatus after use. Do not test anything without teachers permission. Report any breakages to the teacher.

Hazardous warning Symbols

There are many substances in science lab. Some of them are hazardous.

So, we use hazard warning symbols to show the danger of the substances.

Eg: Mercury, Bromine and Sodium Cyanide

Effects: Causes death or harm if absorbed through skin, swallowed, or inhaled.
Toxic/Poisonous

Eg: Ammonia, Chloroform, Chlorine

Effects: Causes discomfort and irritation to body or skin.

Irritant/Harmful

Eg: Alchohol, Petrol, Kerosine

Effects: Can burn very easily

Flammable/Inflammable

Eg: Plutonium, Uronium Effects: Gives out radiation and can cause radioactive effects
Radioactive

Eg: Concentrated Acid such as Sulphuric acid

Effects: Can damage the skin and eyes upon contact
Corrosive

Eg: Sodium, Potassium

Effects: Can explode very easily

Explosive

Laboratory Apparatus
I will hand out the pictures of lab

apparatus. Paste it in your book.

Bunsen Burner
Barrel Collar

Air-hole
Gas inlet

Base

Luminous Flame

Non-luminous Flame

Bunsen burner can give 2 types of flame:

Luminous Flame (YELLOW FLAME)
Yellow flame when the air-hole is closed. Flame is easy to see. Flame gives out a lot of soot. Not so hot compared to blue flame. Not suitable for heating.

Non-luminous Flame(BLUE FLAME)

Blue flame when the air-hole is opened. Flame is difficult to see. Flame does not give out soot.

Very hot.

Suitable for heating.

How to use a Bunsen burner

1) Close the air-hole by turning the collar. 2) Hold light at the top of the barrel. 3) Turn on the gas slowly, a yellow flame will

be obtained.
4) Open the air-hole to obtain a blue flame.

1.3
Steps in scientific investigation

Process Skills in Science

asking question making observation taking measurement recording the data collected analyzing and interpreting data making conclusions writing report to communicate the results

There involves 8 Steps in Scientific Investigation

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Identifying problems Forming a hypothesis Planning the experiment Carrying out the experiment Collecting data Analyzing the data Making a conclusion Writing a report

Simple pendulum

One Complete Oscillation

Steps in scientific investigation: Experiment: The simple pendulum

1. Identifying problem- determining what I

want to find out usually by asking question. Eg: How does the length of a pendulum affects the period of oscillation? Forming a hypothesis- a smart guess/ possible answer to the problem Eg: The longer the length of the pendulum the longer the time taken for 10 oscillation.
2.

3. Planning the experimenta)

identify the variables

: No. of oscillation : The length of the pendulum : periods of oscillation.

fixed variables manipulated variables responding variables

b) determine the apparatus and

materials required c) determine the procedure to carry out the experiment, method to collect and analyze data.

4. Carrying out the experimentcontrolling the variables as planned

5. Collecting data- writing down

what has been observed. In the form of sentence or table.

X- Manipulated Variables 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm 40 cm 50 cm Length of pendulum (cm) Time of oscillation (s)

Y- Responding Variables

10

20

30

40

50

6. Analyzing the data- giving an explanation on data collected

Eg: The pendulum with longer string take longer time to oscillate than the pendulum with a shorter string.
7. Making a conclusion- State whether the hypothesis is accepted or not.

Eg: The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation. Hypothesis is accepted.

8. Writing a report- present the

a) Aim/ Objective: To study the... b) Problem statement: How does?

c) Hypothesis: The the

d) Variables: Fixed, manipulated, responding e) Apparatus: Radas f) Materials: Bahan g) Procedures/ Steps

h) Result: Collected data

i) Analysis j) Conclusion/ Inference: Hypothesis accepted

or not

THE END